Iron / Steel / Metals — India ↔ EU Trade Facilitation

Bilateral trade · India ↔ EU

What moves on this corridor.

India exports → EU

USD 3.2B annually — hot rolled coils (HR coils, HS 7208), cold rolled coils (HS 7209), galvanised/coated steel (HS 7210), structural steel sections, steel pipes and tubes, stainless steel, cast iron articles, non-ferrous metals (aluminium billets, copper cathodes)

Top India states: Odisha (JSW Ispat, Tata Steel, SAIL — primary steel production), Jharkhand (Tata Steel, SAIL), Chhattisgarh (SAIL, NMDC Steel), Gujarat (JSPL, Essar — EAF/DRI), Maharashtra (JSW Steel)

EU exports → India

EUR 1.8B annually — specialty steel (tool steel, spring steel, electrical steel — grain-oriented), stainless steel premium grades, aluminium alloys, specialty non-ferrous metals, recycled steel scrap, advanced metallurgical equipment

Top EU buyers: Germany (steel service centres, automotive Tier 1), Italy (Brescia steel district, re-rollers), Netherlands (Rotterdam — EU steel import hub), Poland (construction, automotive), Spain (Arcelor Mittal Spain)

Growth rate

+6% CAGR India steel exports (2019–2024) · Flat products dominant · CBAM will reshape the corridor from 2026

FTA duty impact

EU MFN on most steel products (HS 72–73): 0% already. HR coils (7208): 0%. Structural steel (7216): 0%. Most EU steel imports from India face 0% MFN — FTA provides minimal additional tariff benefit. CBAM (from January 2026) replaces tariffs as the primary cost variable for Indian steel exports to EU.

HS codes & tariff rates

Tariff lines that matter.

HS code	Product	EU MFN	FTA rate
`7208`	Flat-rolled iron/steel — HR coils, not clad/plated	0%	0% (MFN already 0%)
`7209`	Flat-rolled iron/steel — cold-rolled	0%	0% (MFN already 0%)
`7210`	Flat-rolled iron/steel — coated, galvanised, plated	0%	0% (MFN already 0%)
`7213`	Bars and rods — hot rolled in irregular coils	0%	0% (MFN already 0%)
`7216`	Angles, shapes, sections — structural steel	0%	0% (MFN already 0%)
`7304`	Seamless pipes and tubes — iron or steel	0–2.7%	0% (Year 3)
`7601`	Aluminium — unwrought billets, alloys	3%	0% (Day 1 FTA)
`7403`	Refined copper — cathodes, wire bars	0%	0% (MFN already 0%)

HS codes and rates are indicative. Verify on EU TARIC before commercial use.

HS code lookup tool →

EU compliance

Required certifications.

EN 10025 (Structural Steel)

European standard for hot-rolled structural steel products — mandatory for use in EU construction and structural applications. Grades S235, S275, S355 most common. Indian mills with EN 10025 certification from European notified bodies (TÜV, Lloyd's Register) can supply EU construction and industrial buyers directly.

EN 10025 · CE marking for construction products

CE Marking (Construction Products)

Under EU Construction Products Regulation (CPR 305/2011), structural steel products used in construction must bear CE marking from a notified body. Indian steel mills supplying EU construction projects must have CE marking in place. Required for structural sections, plates, and hollow sections used in EU buildings and infrastructure.

EU CPR 305/2011 · EN 10025/10210/10219

CBAM Reporting and Certificate Obligation

From January 2026: EU importers of Indian steel and aluminium must declare the embedded CO2 emissions and surrender CBAM certificates equal to the carbon content. Indian steel exporters must provide verified GHG data (tCO2e per tonne of steel) to their EU importer. Verification by CBAM-accredited GHG verifier (TÜV SÜD, Bureau Veritas, DNV, SGS) required.

CBAM Reg 2023/956 · EU ETS · CBAM Registry

Mill Test Certificate (MTC)

Mandatory for all steel product deliveries in EU. MTC confirms chemical composition, mechanical properties, heat treatment, and test results. Must be issued by the Indian mill's own laboratory (accredited by NABL) and comply with EN 10204 Type 3.1 (third-party inspection) or Type 3.2 (dual certification) for structural applications.

EN 10204 · NABL · Lloyd's Register · DNV

Anti-Dumping Surveillance

EU has active anti-dumping measures on some Indian steel products (welded tubes, certain stainless grades). All Indian steel exports to EU must be checked against the EU Anti-Dumping database (trade.ec.europa.eu) before commercial offer. Circumventing EU anti-dumping by re-routing via UAE or other countries is a criminal offence.

EU Anti-Dumping Reg · TARIC · EU Trade Remedies

CBAM GHG Data — Production Route Declaration

EU importers must declare: (1) production method (BF-BOF vs EAF vs DRI-EAF); (2) embedded direct emissions (tCO2e/t); (3) embedded indirect emissions (electricity). Indian mills must calculate and verify embedded carbon per the CBAM implementing regulation methodology (EU 2023/1603).

CBAM IR 2023/1603 · GHG Protocol Steel Sector Guidance

EU compliance checker tool →

Bilateral trade flow

India ↔ EU · the directions.

India → EU (Exports)

HR coils (Tata Steel, JSW, SAIL — supplied to EU service centres, tube mills, stamping plants); structural steel sections; galvanised steel; seamless and welded pipes; stainless steel (flat products, long products); cast iron articles (engine blocks, manhole covers — see Engineering vertical); aluminium billets (NALCO, Hindalco); copper cathodes (Vedanta Sterlite)

EU → India (Imports)

Specialty steel (electrical steel — grain-oriented, for transformer manufacturing; tool steel; spring steel); premium stainless grades; specialty aluminium alloys for aerospace and defence; recycled steel scrap (for Indian EAF mills); advanced metallurgical equipment (SMS Group, Danieli — for Indian steel capacity expansions)

Sector risk framework

Risks · assessment · mitigation.

Risk	Assessment	Mitigation
CBAM compliance failure — Indian mill cannot provide verified embedded carbon data to EU importer in time for CBAM reporting deadline	High / High	Engage a CBAM-accredited GHG verifier (TÜV SÜD, Bureau Veritas, DNV) immediately — not after the first shipment. CBAM reporting is quarterly from 2026. Embedded carbon calculation per CBAM implementing regulation (EU 2023/1603) must be completed for all shipments from January 2026.
EU Anti-Dumping duty risk — Indian steel product subject to existing or new EU anti-dumping measure	Medium / High	Check EU Anti-Dumping database (trade.ec.europa.eu) for each product before any commercial offer. EU adds and extends anti-dumping measures on steel products regularly. Check at the 8-digit HS code level, not just chapter level.
Mill Test Certificate non-compliance — MTC does not meet EN 10204 Type 3.1 requirement for structural applications	Medium / High	Verify that the Indian mill's NABL-accredited laboratory can issue EN 10204 Type 3.1 certificates (third-party inspection). For high-specification applications (offshore structures, pressure vessels), Type 3.2 (dual certification — Indian mill + EU notified body) may be required.
Price undercutting by Chinese mills — Chinese steel producers aggressively pricing HR coils into EU	High / Medium	Compete on CBAM-adjusted landed cost, not only FOB price. Chinese BF-BOF steel carries higher embedded carbon than Indian EAF-DRI steel — at EU ETS EUR 65/tCO2e, the CBAM cost differential can be EUR 30–60/tonne in India's favour for EAF steel vs Chinese BF-BOF.
Commission circumvention — Indian mill approaches EU service centre directly after introduction	Low / High	NCNDA signed before any mill details shared with EU buyer. Introduction letter date-stamped. Commission tail period: 36 months for steel mandates (repeat quarterly purchase cycle means tail period captures significant repeat volume).

3 Ps · viability analysis

Possibility · probability · plausibility.

Possibility

Is this trade structurally viable?

Yes — India is the world's second-largest steel producer with significant export capacity. EU steel service centres and tube mills actively source Indian HR coils and structural steel. The CBAM framework from 2026 reshapes the competitive landscape in India's favour for EAF-produced steel vs Chinese BF-BOF alternatives.

Probability

Will this specific mandate close?

High for EN 10025-certified mills with CBAM-compliant GHG data. Moderate for mills with EN certification but without GHG verification. Low for uncertified mills — EU buyers require EN certification and, from 2026, verified embedded carbon data as mandatory prerequisites.

Plausibility

Does the commercial logic hold?

Fully coherent. Indian EAF-scrap steel at CBAM cost EUR 39/t (vs Chinese BF-BOF at EUR 130+/t) creates a structural EUR 90/t CBAM advantage. Combined with competitive FOB pricing, the landed cost case for Indian EAF steel in the EU is compelling and grows stronger as EU ETS carbon price rises.

Marketing mix · 10P analysis

The vertical through a 10P lens.

Product

HR coils (HS 7208), CR coils (7209), galvanised/coated steel (7210), structural sections (7216), seamless pipes (7304), stainless flat products; aluminium billets (7601); copper cathodes (7403). All require EN certification, NABL-accredited MTCs, and from 2026, verified CBAM embedded carbon data.

Price

Indian HR coils: typically EUR 20–40/t below EU ex-works reference price. EAF-scrap steel CBAM advantage vs Chinese BF-BOF: EUR 60–100/t at current EU ETS prices. Commission: 2.5–4% of CIF value per MT, reflecting commodity volumes and thin margins.

Place

India → EU: sea freight from Paradip/Vizag/Mundra/Hazira to Rotterdam/Antwerp/Hamburg/Genoa. Break-bulk and bulk vessels for coils (22,000–60,000 DWT). Transit: 20–26 days. Rotterdam is the primary EU steel import hub — Rotterdam port has dedicated steel handling infrastructure.

Promotion

EuroBLECH Hannover (November — sheet metal), Schweissen & Schneiden Essen (September — welding and cutting), Steel Success Strategies New York (June — global steel strategy), India Steel 2025 (Mumbai — SAIL, Tata, JSW showcase). FICCI Metals and Mining Committee.

People

Vinod Kumar Jain — India-side mill qualification, Odisha/Jharkhand/Gujarat mill network, SAIL/JSW/JSPL relationships. Amit Jain — EU buyer qualification (steel service centres, tube mills, construction buyers), CBAM regulatory intelligence, EN standard verification.

Process

Three P filter → EN 10025 certification verification → CBAM GHG data availability check → Anti-dumping duty check (EU database) → Mandate + NCNDA → EU steel service centre / tube mill / construction project buyer qualification → Mill Test Certificate template review → Supply Agreement → Commission.

Physical Evidence

EN 10025 CE marking certificate, Mill Test Certificate (EN 10204 Type 3.1), NABL accreditation certificate, CBAM embedded carbon verification report (TÜV SÜD/DNV), Anti-dumping clearance confirmation, commission invoice.

Partners

SAIL (Steel Authority of India), JSW Steel, Tata Steel India, JSPL, NMDC Steel — primary mills. Eurofer (European Steel Association), Rotterdam Port Authority, Lloyd's Register (MTC inspection), TÜV SÜD (CBAM GHG verification), Bureau Veritas (inspection).

Performance

Target: 2–4 steel mandates per year. Average deal value: USD 1M–10M annual supply (10,000–100,000 MT). Commission: EUR 25,000–400,000 per mandate per year (2.5–4% on CIF). CBAM compliance support is a value-added service that strengthens the mandate relationship.

Purpose

Connecting India's world-scale steel production with EU buyers who need supply reliability, EN-certified quality, and — from 2026 — the lowest possible CBAM carbon cost. EAF steel from India with renewable power adoption is positioned to be among the most CBAM-competitive globally.

Practitioner intelligence

What works · what doesn't.

✓ Success conditions

What works

✓ Quantifying the CBAM cost advantage of Indian EAF steel vs Chinese BF-BOF and presenting it as a total landed cost calculation to EU buyers — "Your CBAM cost on our EAF steel is EUR 39/t vs EUR 130/t on Chinese BF-BOF — EUR 91/t saving on 50,000 MT annual purchase = EUR 4.55M annual CBAM saving"
✓ Engaging a CBAM-accredited GHG verifier (TÜV SÜD, Bureau Veritas, DNV) for the Indian mill before approaching EU buyers — being CBAM-data-ready in advance of the January 2026 deadline is a commercial differentiator against mills that scramble to comply at the last minute
✓ Targeting EU steel service centres (not only end-users) as the primary buyer type — service centres purchase large coil volumes quarterly, have established import logistics, and are experienced at managing Indian origin documentation
✓ Using Rotterdam as the primary EU entry port — Rotterdam has dedicated steel handling infrastructure (coil cars, covered storage for tin-free steel), and Dutch customs processing for steel imports is well-established

✗ Failure modes

What doesn't work

✗ Approaching EU steel buyers with only an Indian BIS standard MTC — EU buyers require EN 10204 Type 3.1 certificates from NABL-accredited laboratories; Indian BIS certification does not substitute for EN certification and signals non-compliance
✗ Ignoring EU anti-dumping surveillance — some Indian steel products face EU anti-dumping duties; an offer from an Indian mill on a product that is subject to anti-dumping will be immediately rejected by any compliant EU buyer
✗ Offering steel from BF-BOF mills without CBAM data as the primary supply in post-2026 mandates — from January 2026, EU importers must have CBAM data to complete quarterly returns; mills that cannot provide verified embedded carbon data cannot be included in EU supply agreements

Commission structure

How we get paid.

Deal type	Rate	Indicative value
HR coils — EU steel service centre supply	2.5–3.5% CIF	USD 2M–10M annual · 20,000–100,000 MT · Quarterly delivery
CR coils — tube mill and automotive stamping supply	3–4% CIF	USD 1M–5M annual · 10,000–50,000 MT
Structural steel — construction project supply	2.5–3.5% CIF	USD 500K–3M per project · EN 10025 mandatory
Seamless pipes — oil and gas / industrial	3–4% CIF	USD 300K–2M · API 5L or EN specification
Aluminium billets — EU rolling mill supply	3–4% CIF	USD 500K–3M annual · CBAM: coal-grid primary vs recycled
Stainless steel flat products — EU distributor	3–4.5% CIF	USD 300K–2M annual · EN 10088 specification

Sub-specialisations

Niches we operate in.

Niche

HR Coils — EU Service Centres

Tata Steel, JSW, SAIL HR coils to EU service centres (Stahl-Zentrum equivalent distributors). Rotterdam BIP is primary entry. Quarterly volumes 20,000–100,000 MT.

2.5–3.5% CIF

Niche

EAF Steel — CBAM Advantage

Indian EAF-scrap steel mills (JSPL, Shyam Steel, APL Apollo) have embedded carbon of 0.6–1.4 tCO2e/t — dramatically lower CBAM cost vs Chinese BF-BOF (2.1 tCO2e/t).

3–4% CIF

Niche

Structural Steel — EN 10025 CE Marked

EN 10025-certified Indian mills supplying structural sections and plates to EU construction projects and fabricators.

2.5–3.5% CIF

Niche

Seamless Pipes — Oil & Gas

Indian seamless pipe manufacturers (Maharashtra Seamless, Jindal SAW) supplying API 5L and EN 10210 pipes to EU oil and gas and industrial buyers.

3–4% CIF

Niche

Aluminium — Recycled/Secondary

Indian secondary aluminium producers (EAF/scrap route) with low embedded carbon and strong CBAM position vs primary coal-grid aluminium.

3–4% CIF

Niche

Stainless Steel

Indian stainless steel producers (Jindal Stainless, SAIL Stainless) supplying EU distributors and end-users with EN 10088 specification flat and long products.

3–4.5% CIF

Active mandates · Iron / Steel / Metals

What's open right now.

SELL JSW Steel HR coil — 50,000 MT quarterly available, EN 10025 Grade S355, CBAM GHG data prepared, Rotterdam-ready Vijayanagar, Karnataka → Netherlands / Germany / Italy

SELL EAF stainless steel manufacturer — 304/316 flat products, EN 10088, 0.9 tCO2e/t embedded carbon (EAF + 60% renewable) Hisar, Haryana → Germany / Netherlands / Spain

BUY German steel service centre — seeking HR coil supply from EN-certified Indian mill, 30,000 MT/quarter, CBAM data mandatory from 2026 Germany → India (Odisha / Karnataka)

SELL Seamless pipe manufacturer — API 5L Grade B/X42/X52, EN 10210, NABL-certified lab, 10,000 MT capacity Maharashtra → Netherlands / Germany / UK

Mandates anonymised. Introduced under NCNDA. Commission on completion. Submit your mandate →

Context & outlook

How this sector is moving.

Historical context

How this sector evolved

◆ India became a significant EU steel exporter in the 2000s as Indian integrated steel mills (Tata Steel's Jamshedpur, SAIL's Bhilai) achieved world-class quality and competitive pricing following capacity expansion and modernisation.
◆ EU anti-dumping measures on Indian hot-rolled flat steel (2016–2019 sunset review) created a period of restricted EU market access — the termination of these measures in 2019 reopened the EU corridor significantly.
◆ Tata Steel's acquisition of Corus (UK-Netherlands, 2007) created the first major India-EU steel corporate integration — giving India direct insight into EU steel market requirements and quality standards.
◆ Post-COVID-19 (2021–22): global steel price surge created large India-EU trade volumes as EU buyers sought alternative supply to manage supply chain disruption — India benefited significantly as the nearest compliant large-scale alternative.

Future outlook 2025–2030

Where this is heading

▶ CBAM (from January 2026) — the most significant structural change to India-EU steel trade in a decade. EAF steel producers with low embedded carbon gain a compounding structural price advantage as EU ETS carbon price rises.
▶ Green Steel — European steel customers (particularly automotive OEMs — BMW, Mercedes, Volvo) are setting 2030 targets for green steel procurement. Indian EAF producers with renewable energy PPAs and low embedded carbon are positioned for early green steel mandates.
▶ India's National Steel Policy target of 300 MT capacity by 2030 — accelerating both domestic capacity and export capability. New EAF and DRI-EAF capacity coming online is predominantly CBAM-advantaged.
▶ EU Carbon Border Adjustment tightening — EU ETS free allowances phase out by 2034. As CBAM scales from partial (2026) to full (2034), the EUR/tonne CBAM cost differential between BF-BOF and EAF steel widens. India's EAF advantage grows proportionally.

India ↔ EU FTA impact

Low impact

Minimal direct tariff impact (most steel already at 0% EU MFN). Indirect impact through FTA regulatory cooperation provisions — including CBAM data sharing protocols, potential for mutual recognition of GHG verification methodologies, and steel sector emissions monitoring cooperation under the sustainability chapter.

Essential documents

From the document library.

Doc 72

Iron, Steel & Metals Sector Factsheet (DOCX)

Full sector intelligence — CBAM, EN standards, production routes — downloadable

→ Doc 56

CBAM Implementation Guide

CBAM compliance framework — mandatory reading for steel export mandates from 2026

→ Doc 111

CBAM Carbon Data Collection FAQ

How to collect and verify embedded carbon data for CBAM reporting

→ Doc 25

Rules of Origin Compliance Checklist

Steel RoO under India-EU FTA — WO/CTC tests for steel products

→

Browse all documents →

Applicable FTAs

FTA

India-EU FTA 2026

Minimal tariff impact (most steel at 0% MFN already) — CBAM regulatory cooperation provisions are the key FTA benefit for this vertical

FTA

India-UAE CEPA

UAE re-export route for Indian steel to EU markets — must verify RoO and anti-circumvention compliance

Key markets

Country intelligence for this vertical.

Country

Germany

Primary EU steel buyer — automotive Tier 1 (ZF, Bosch, Continental), steel service centres, construction

Country

Netherlands

Rotterdam — EU's primary steel import hub; Dutch service centres and re-rollers

Country

Italy

Brescia re-rollers, Italian structural steel market, stainless steel distributors

Country

India

Odisha, Jharkhand, Karnataka — primary integrated steel production states

All 184 country pages →

Standard operating procedure

SOP-23 · Steel & Metals Export to EU — CBAM Compliance Protocol

View SOP

Frequently asked

FAQ · Iron / Steel / Metals.

Does the India-EU FTA reduce tariffs on Indian steel exports to the EU?

Mostly no — the majority of Indian steel products already enter the EU at 0% EU MFN duty, so the FTA provides minimal additional tariff benefit for this vertical. The FTA's value for steel lies in regulatory cooperation provisions — particularly CBAM data sharing protocols, mutual recognition of GHG verification methodologies, and the sustainability chapter covering emissions monitoring. The commercial variable that dominates this vertical from 2026 is CBAM — not the FTA tariff schedule.

What is CBAM and when does it apply to Indian steel exports?

CBAM (Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism — EU Regulation 2023/956) requires EU importers of steel, aluminium, cement, fertilisers, and hydrogen to declare the embedded CO2 emissions in imported goods and surrender CBAM certificates equal to that carbon content. Timeline: transitional phase (October 2023 – December 2025) — reporting obligation only, no certificate surrender. Full enforcement from January 1, 2026 — EU importers must surrender certificates. Indian steel mills must provide verified embedded carbon data (tCO2e per tonne of product) to EU importers for CBAM reporting.

What is the CBAM cost advantage of Indian EAF steel vs Chinese BF-BOF steel?

At EU ETS carbon price of EUR 65/tCO2e: Indian EAF-scrap steel (0.6 tCO2e/t embedded carbon) incurs EUR 39/t CBAM cost. Chinese BF-BOF steel (2.1 tCO2e/t embedded carbon) incurs EUR 137/t CBAM cost. The CBAM differential: EUR 98/t in favour of Indian EAF steel. On a 50,000 MT annual supply contract, this represents EUR 4.9M annual CBAM saving for the EU importer — a powerful commercial argument for switching from Chinese BF-BOF to Indian EAF supply.

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Knowledge base matches

Hot-Rolled Steel Coils → HR coils for structural, construction, and automotive markets — CBAM-scope from 2026.
Cold-Rolled Steel Coils → CR coils for automotive body panels, white goods, and precision engineering.
Galvanized Steel Sheets → Hot-dip galvanized steel for roofing, appliances, and construction.
Colour-Coated Steel (PPGI/PPGL) → Pre-painted galvanized/galvalume steel for roofing and facade markets.
Structural Steel Sections → Angles, channels, beams, and columns for construction and infrastructure.

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Authoritative External Sources

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World Steel Association → Global steel industry data, monthly production, sustainability reports 📡 RSS
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Supplier Nation	EU Share	Trend	India Edge / Context
China	28.5%	→	CBAM reduces edge
Turkey	8.5%	↓	CBAM headwind
South Korea	7.5%	→	Flat products
India ⭐	2.8%	↑	—
Ukraine	5.2%	⚠	War-related disruption

Dimension	EU	UAE	USA	UK	ASEAN	AUS
Mkt Size	85	68	88	75	65	55
Growth	68	72	65	65	75	70
Entry Ease	60	80	52	58	75	72
Reg Safety	38	62	35	40	60	65
Mkt Open	42	48	38	42	50	55
Commission	70	68	68	68	58	65
FTA Boost	45	78	28	38	55	60

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04 Steel, Iron, Aluminium and Non-Ferrous Metals — India ↔ EU

Live on Iron / Steel / Metals

Discussion

Ask AI · Iron / Steel / Metals

What moves on this corridor.

Tariff lines that matter.

Required certifications.

India ↔ EU · the directions.

Risks · assessment · mitigation.

Possibility · probability · plausibility.

The vertical through a 10P lens.

What works · what doesn't.

What works

What doesn't work

How we get paid.

Niches we operate in.

HR Coils — EU Service Centres

EAF Steel — CBAM Advantage

Structural Steel — EN 10025 CE Marked

Seamless Pipes — Oil & Gas

Aluminium — Recycled/Secondary

Stainless Steel

What's open right now.

How this sector is moving.

How this sector evolved

Where this is heading

Low impact

From the document library.

India-EU FTA 2026

India-UAE CEPA

Country intelligence for this vertical.

Germany

Netherlands

Italy

India

FAQ · Iron / Steel / Metals.

Strategic Heat Map

Multilateral Corridor Comparison — Global Overlay

Bilateral vs Multilateral Trade Intelligence

Competitive Intelligence — India vs Competing Nations in the EU Market

Seasonal Trade Calendar

ESG Intelligence & EU Taxonomy Alignment

Supply Chain Resilience Intelligence

RoDTEP Benefit Indicator

India-EU FTA Duty Saving Estimator

Every Direction. Every Configuration. Commission-Only.

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Steel, Iron, Aluminium and Non-Ferrous Metals — India ↔ EU