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v256.0 · real-estate · US · verified 2026-04

United States real-estate market

Real-estate market in United States for foreign buyers — ownership rules, residency-by-investment, average prices, mortgage availability, transaction costs, rental yields, top brokerages, recent regulatory changes.

Market size

USD 50T+ residential market (2024) — world's largest

Currency

USD

Foreign-buyer access

No general federal restrictions · Some states restricting foreign agricultural land (Florida, Texas, etc. sin...

Rental yields

Major metros (NYC, SF, LA): 2-4% · Rust Belt (Cleveland, Pittsburgh): 8-12% · Sun Belt (Phoenix, Tampa, Char...

Ownership rules + RBI pathway

Foreign-buyer rulesNo general federal restrictions · Some states restricting foreign agricultural land (Florida, Texas, etc. since 2023) · FIRPTA withholding 15% on disposition · FinCEN GTO (Geographic Targeting Orders) for cash purchases in major metros
Residency-by-investmentEB-5 Investor Visa — USD 1,050,000 (regular area) / USD 800,000 (Targeted Employment Area or rural/infrastructure) · Must create 10 full-time US jobs · Indian/Chinese-born face long backlog · Real-estate alone doesn't qualify — must be active business investment via Regional Center or direct
RegulatorState-by-state (no federal real-estate regulator) · NAR (National Association of Realtors) · CFPB (mortgages) · FinCEN (AML)

Average prices

Capital cityWashington DC: USD 8,000-15,000/sqm (NW prime) · Median single-family DC: ~USD 950K · NYC Manhattan: USD 15,000-40,000/sqm · SF: USD 12,000-25,000/sqm · LA: USD 8,000-18,000/sqm
Secondary marketsMiami: USD 6,000-15,000/sqm · Boston: USD 9,000-18,000/sqm · Seattle: USD 7,000-13,000/sqm · Austin: USD 5,000-10,000/sqm · Houston/Dallas: USD 3,500-7,000/sqm
Rental yieldsMajor metros (NYC, SF, LA): 2-4% · Rust Belt (Cleveland, Pittsburgh): 8-12% · Sun Belt (Phoenix, Tampa, Charlotte): 5-8% · BTL strong in mid-tier metros

Mortgage + transaction costs

Mortgage availabilityForeign buyers (no US credit): 50-65% LTV via international-buyer programs (HSBC, Chase Private Client, BMO) · US tax-residents: up to 95% LTV with FHA · Rates 6-8% (2024 high) · 15/30-year fixed dominant
Transaction costsClosing costs 2-5% buyer-side (lender fees, escrow, title, inspection) · Realtor commission ~5-6% seller-pays traditionally (NAR settlement 2024 unbundling) · Transfer/recording taxes state-specific · Property tax annual 0.5-2.5% varies
Top brokeragesZillow, Redfin, Realtor.com (portals) · Compass, Coldwell Banker, RE/MAX, Berkshire Hathaway, Sotheby's, Christie's · NAR settlement 2024 changing commission structure

Recent changes (2023-2026)

2024: NAR commission lawsuit settlement effective Aug 2024 — unbundling buyer-broker commissions · FinCEN GTO expanded to cover cash deals nationwide · Florida + Texas restricting Chinese/Cuban/Iranian/Russian/North Korean/Syrian agricultural land · Mortgage rates 6-8% post Fed hikes · Insurance crisis in Florida/California (Allstate/State Farm partial exits) · Climate-risk premium pressure

Strengths

  • World's deepest + most liquid real-estate market
  • Strong rental yields outside coastal-prime metros
  • Multiple state options (no state income tax in FL, TX, NV, TN, WA, SD, AK)
  • 30-year fixed mortgages unique to US
  • Active 1031-exchange tax-deferred swap rules
  • English-language paperwork

Drawbacks

  • FIRPTA 15% withholding on disposition + state withholding
  • Foreign-buyer mortgage rates + LTV restrictive
  • US CITIZENSHIP-BASED TAX for green-card holders
  • Property taxes annual 0.5-2.5%
  • Florida/California insurance availability crisis
  • State agricultural-land restrictions for some foreign nationals

Source: official United States regulator page · Last verified 2026-04

See also: United States country profile · real-estate atlas

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