| Steel |
BF-BOF (Blast Furnace / Basic Oxygen) |
2.00 |
EUR 130/t |
Dominant in India; JSW, SAIL, Tata Steel — primary route |
| Steel |
EAF (Electric Arc Furnace — scrap-based) |
0.60 |
EUR 39/t |
Growing in India; JSPL, Welspun, Electrosteel — significant competitive advantage |
| Steel |
EAF (Electric Arc Furnace — DRI-based) |
1.40 |
EUR 91/t |
DRI (sponge iron) route common in India; Essar, JSPL |
| Steel |
BF-BOF + carbon capture (hypothetical) |
0.50 |
EUR 33/t |
Not yet deployed commercially in India — future pathway |
| Aluminium |
Primary — coal-fired grid electricity |
16.00 |
EUR 1,040/t |
NALCO, Hindalco — coal-heavy grid; highest CBAM exposure |
| Aluminium |
Primary — renewable electricity grid |
4.50 |
EUR 293/t |
Theoretical with Indian renewables; not yet standard |
| Aluminium |
Secondary (recycled scrap) |
0.60 |
EUR 39/t |
Lowest intensity — strong competitive position |
| Cement |
Dry kiln process (Indian standard) |
0.82 |
EUR 53/t |
Ultratech, ACC, Ambuja — near EU average; moderate exposure |
| Cement |
Wet kiln process (older plants) |
1.00 |
EUR 65/t |
Older Indian plants; being replaced by dry process |
| Cement |
Blended cement (fly ash / slag) |
0.65 |
EUR 42/t |
Lower intensity; growing share in India — competitive advantage |
| Fertilisers |
Ammonia — natural gas (steam reforming) |
1.80 |
EUR 117/t |
GNFC, GSFC, Chambal — gas-based; moderate exposure |
| Fertilisers |
Ammonia — coal gasification |
3.50 |
EUR 228/t |
Some Indian plants; highest CBAM exposure in this category |
| Fertilisers |
Ammonia — green hydrogen (electrolysis) |
0.05 |
EUR 3/t |
Future pathway; not yet commercial-scale in India |
| Hydrogen |
Grey hydrogen — steam methane reforming |
10.0 |
EUR 650/t |
Dominant production method in India; very high CBAM cost |
| Hydrogen |
Blue hydrogen — SMR + carbon capture |
2.50 |
EUR 163/t |
Not yet commercial in India — future pathway |
| Hydrogen |
Green hydrogen — renewable electrolysis |
0.30 |
EUR 20/t |
India's stated strategic goal; some early projects operational |