India-EU FTA · FTA guide, rules of origin & tariff schedule

Coverage

What this agreement covers.

Tariff lines covered

~85–90% of tariff lines reach zero duty. India phase-out over 7–10 years for sensitive sectors. EU phase-out primarily Day 1 or Year 1–3.

Services — Mode 1 (Cross-border)

IT services, BPO, professional services liberalised for Indian service providers supplying EU markets remotely

Services — Mode 4 (Persons)

Contractual service suppliers and independent professionals — intra-corporate transferees, short-term business visitors

Investment chapter

Market access and non-discriminatory treatment for Indian investment in EU and EU investment in India

GI protection (India → EU)

400+ Indian Geographical Indications (Darjeeling tea, Basmati rice, Alphonso mango, Kolhapuri chappal, Kancheepuram silk) protected in all 27 EU member states

Regulatory cooperation

Mutual recognition agreements (MRAs) for pharmaceutical GMP, SPS measures, technical standards — reducing NTBs

Digital trade chapter

Data flows, e-commerce, electronic signatures, cybersecurity cooperation

Sustainability chapter

Trade and Sustainable Development (TSD) — ILO core conventions, Paris Agreement commitments, environmental standards

Tariff schedule

Indicative tariff rates.

Always verify the precise staging schedule and applicable Rules of Origin on the HS Code Lookup Tool and the official agreement text before commercial use.

HS code	Product	Current MFN	FTA rate	Staging	India sector impact
2941	Antibiotics — bulk API	0%	0% (Day 1)	MFN already 0%	Neutral — already duty-free
3004	Medicaments — measured doses (generics retail)	6.5%	0% (Day 1)	Day 1 elimination	High benefit — EUR 200M+ annual saving
3002	Vaccines and blood products	0%	0% (Day 1)	MFN already 0%	Neutral — already duty-free
6109	T-shirts and vests (cotton)	12%	0% (Year 5–7)	Phased	High benefit — India top EU cotton garment source
6203	Men's suits and trousers	12%	0% (Year 5–7)	Phased	High benefit — Indian tailored garments
7208	Flat-rolled products of iron/steel (HR coil)	0%	0% (Day 1)	MFN already 0%	Neutral — CBAM applies from 2026
7601	Aluminium — unwrought	3%	0% (Day 1)	Day 1 elimination	Medium — CBAM applies; carbon data needed
8407	Spark-ignition engines — automotive	3.7%	0% (Year 7)	Y1=2.8%, Y7=0%	High — German auto industry sourcing India
8708	Parts and accessories — motor vehicles	3.7%	0% (Year 7)	Progressive 7 years	High — IATF 16949 suppliers benefit
8471	Automatic data processing machines (computers)	0%	0% (Day 1)	MFN already 0%	Neutral — IT hardware already duty-free
2914	Ketones and quinones — pharma intermediates	3–5.5%	0% (Year 3)	Phased elimination	Medium — Indian API intermediate exporters
0303	Frozen fish — marine products	0–12%	0% (Year 5)	Phased by species	High — Indian seafood (MPEDA certified)
0901	Coffee (not roasted)	0%	0% (Day 1)	MFN already 0%	Neutral — Indian arabica/robusta already 0%
2508	Other clays (for ceramics) — kaolin	0%	0% (Day 1)	MFN already 0%	Neutral
7113	Articles of jewellery — gold	2.5%	0% (Day 1)	Day 1 elimination	High — Indian gems and jewellery EUR 1B+ to EU

Calculate my FTA saving → Full landed cost calculator →

Rules of origin

How to qualify for FTA preference.

General origin rule

Goods are considered originating in India (or the EU) if they are: (a) Wholly Obtained (WO) — entirely produced in India/EU from Indian/EU materials; or (b) Sufficiently processed — undergo substantial transformation as defined in the Product Specific Rules (PSR) Annex. The PSR Annex defines the specific transformation required for each HS Chapter or Heading.

HS chapter / heading	Product specific rule (PSR)	Test type
Chapter 30 (Pharmaceuticals)	CTH (Change in Tariff Heading) from any other chapter, OR manufacture from chemical substances with a specific process requirement	CTC / SMP
Chapter 61–63 (Textiles)	Double transformation — yarn-forward or fabric-forward depending on the specific HS heading. Fabric must be woven or knitted in India from Indian yarn.	SMP (Double Transformation)
Chapter 87 (Vehicles/Parts)	RVC 40% (Regional Value Content) or CTH, depending on the specific product. Value added in India must represent at least 40% of ex-works price.	RVC 40% / CTC
Chapter 72–73 (Steel)	Wholly obtained (WO) or produced from pig iron/scrap. No cross-cumulation with non-Indian steel inputs typically.	WO / CTC
Chapter 71 (Gems/Jewellery)	Working or processing in India that confers origin — setting, mounting, cutting and polishing of gemstones.	SMP
Chapter 84–85 (Machinery)	CTH + RVC 40%, or specific manufacturing processes defined in the PSR Annex.	CTC + RVC 40%

De minimis tolerance

10% de minimis rule — non-originating materials up to 10% of the ex-works price of the product may be used without triggering the PSR, provided the overall product still meets the general transformation test

Cumulation rules

Bilateral cumulation between India and EU only (not extended diagonal cumulation with third countries). Materials originating in the EU incorporated into Indian goods are treated as Indian originating materials for PSR purposes, and vice versa.

Origin certification

REX (Registered Exporter) self-certification — Indian exporter registered on the DGFT REX portal can self-certify origin for shipments of any value. EUR.1 Movement Certificate issued by Indian Customs as alternative. Supplier declarations for EU-India direction.

Drawback rule

No full drawback prohibition — India and EU negotiating a "no drawback" or "absorption prohibition" clause for certain sensitive sectors. Verify the final agreement text before claiming both FTA preference and duty drawback on the same shipment.

Origin certification

How to certify origin.

REX Self-Certification

Primary method for India-EU FTA. Indian exporter must register on DGFT REX portal. Once registered, can self-certify on commercial invoice or separate statement of origin for any value shipment. Text: "The exporter of the products covered by this document declares that, except where otherwise clearly indicated, these products are of Indian preferential origin."

DGFT · dgft.gov.in/REX · ICEGATE

EUR.1 Movement Certificate

Issued by Indian Customs (through CHA at port of export) on request. Required by some EU member state customs authorities as alternative to REX. Processing time: typically 1–3 working days. Cost: nominal government fee.

Indian Customs · ICEGATE · CHA

Origin Declaration (invoices up to EUR 6,000)

For shipments with total value below EUR 6,000, any Indian exporter (not just REX-registered) can include an origin declaration on the commercial invoice. Above EUR 6,000, REX registration is mandatory for self-certification.

Indian Customs · EU Customs

EU Supplier Declaration

For goods moving EU → India: EU supplier declares origin on a Supplier Declaration (SD) which the EU exporter uses to substantiate the long-term supplier declaration or EUR.1 presented to Indian customs.

EU Customs · Indian Customs

Sector impact

Sector-by-sector FTA benefit.

Pharmaceuticals & APIs

High

Zero duty Day 1 on generic formulations (HS 3004 — current 6.5%). EUR 200M+ annual duty saving at current trade volumes. India supplies ~20% of EU API needs. Biosimilars corridor opens further.

Engineering & Automotive

High

Zero duty by Year 7 on parts (HS 8708 — current 3.7%). IATF 16949 certified Indian suppliers gain competitiveness vs Chinese alternatives. EUR 300M+ in annual component flows.

Textiles & Garments

High

Zero duty by Year 5–7 on garments (HS 61-63 — current 12%). India already #2 EU garment supplier. Post-FTA, India challenges China/Bangladesh dominance on price-quality ratio.

Gems & Jewellery

High

Zero duty Day 1 on gold jewellery (HS 7113 — current 2.5%). EUR 1B+ annual India-EU jewellery trade. GI protection for Kolhapuri chappal, Kancheepuram silk adds premium positioning.

Agro & Food

Medium

Mixed — sensitive EU agricultural sector. Duty reductions on processed foods, seafood (Year 5), spices. EU SPS standards remain the primary barrier; FTA does not waive EU MRL requirements.

IT Services (Mode 1)

High

Mode 1 liberalisation confirms zero duty on cross-border IT services. India already largest Mode 1 IT service exporter to EU. FTA adds regulatory certainty and dispute resolution for services trade.

Green Energy

Medium

Solar panels, wind equipment — most already duty-free under EU MFN. FTA adds regulatory cooperation on renewable energy standards. Strategic opportunity for Indian solar module and wind component exporters.

Iron & Steel

Low–Medium

Most steel already at 0% MFN. CBAM applies from 2026 regardless of FTA — carbon data provision is the competitiveness factor, not tariff. FTA regulatory cooperation on steel standards adds value.

Commercial implications

What this means for AJG mandates.

The India-EU FTA is the single most commercially significant trade policy event for India-EU trade facilitation since India's 1991 liberalisation. For All Frontier Global Nexus, the FTA creates three distinct commercial opportunities:

1. Duty saving as a mandate origination trigger. EU buyers of Indian generic medicines, garments, automotive components, and jewellery will experience an immediate landed cost reduction on FTA entry into force. This creates an urgent commercial incentive for EU importers who are not yet sourcing from India to begin qualification — and for existing India-sourcing importers to increase volumes. Every new India-EU supply relationship in these sectors is a potential mandate for All Frontier Global Nexus.

2. Rules of Origin compliance as a service. FTA preference is only available to goods that meet the PSR for their HS heading. Indian exporters — particularly SMEs who have never navigated FTA RoO requirements — need guidance on: whether their product qualifies; what documentation to prepare; how to register for REX; how to complete the origin declaration on the invoice. This is a professional service that All Frontier Global Nexus and its franchise network can provide as part of the mandate facilitation service.

3. First-mover advantage. The India-EU FTA will trigger a rush of EU buyers seeking to qualify Indian suppliers before and immediately after entry into force. Indian exporters who are already EU GMP-certified, IATF 16949-certified, and REX-registered when the FTA enters into force will capture the first wave of EU demand. All Frontier Global Nexus mandates executed before FTA entry into force position both principals for Day 1 advantage.

Timeline

Negotiation & implementation.

June 2007

Negotiations formally launched at the India-EU Summit in Berlin. India and EU agree to negotiate a Broad-based Trade and Investment Agreement (BTIA) covering goods, services, investment, and GI protection.

2008–2013

Thirteen rounds of negotiations. Key sticking points: Indian demand for Mode 4 (movement of persons) liberalisation for IT professionals; EU demand for greater market access in automobiles, wines, and spirits; investment protection chapter.

May 2013

Negotiations suspended. India cites concerns over EU's stance on data security (Mode 1 IT services) and unwillingness to open EU auto market sufficiently. EU cites India's resistance on automobile tariffs and investment chapter.

June 2022

Negotiations relaunched at EU-India Leaders' Meeting. Both parties agree to a phased approach — FTA for goods and services, with investment protection agreement (IPA) as a separate instrument to be concluded subsequently.

2022–2024

Multiple rounds of technical negotiations. Key progress on: pharmaceutical tariff elimination timeline; rules of origin for textiles and garments; GI protection (400+ Indian GIs); Mode 1 and Mode 4 services commitments.

2025

Near-conclusion of tariff negotiations. Finalisation of PSR Annex, Origin Certification provisions, and Sustainability chapter. Legal scrubbing of the agreed text.

Target 2026

FTA initialled, signed, and ratified. Entry into force — Day 1 tariff eliminations take effect. India activates REX registration system for all eligible exporters. EU importer EORI database updated.

Risk framework

FTA compliance risks.

Risk	Assessment	Mitigation
FTA not entering into force on the 2026 target timeline — political delays, ratification issues in EU member states, or change of government in India	Medium / High	Begin FTA readiness now — REX registration, PSR compliance verification, RoO documentation — regardless of FTA timeline. Benefits from FTA-readiness extend to current EU GSP. Do not build business plans solely on FTA entry into force date.
PSR non-compliance — exporter claims FTA preference but goods do not meet the Product Specific Rule for their HS heading	Medium / High	Pre-shipment RoO compliance assessment using Doc 49 (Rules of Origin Compliance Checklist). Retain all production records (BOM, supplier invoices, cost calculation) for 5 years. Obtain advance ruling from Indian Customs and/or EU customs before first FTA-preference shipment.
REX registration not completed before first shipment — exporter cannot claim FTA preference on invoice	Low–Medium / Medium	Register on DGFT REX portal immediately upon FTA ratification (or now under EU GSP). Processing time: 2–4 weeks. No cost. Required for all FTA preference claims above EUR 6,000.
EU customs verification — EU customs authority requests proof of origin; inadequate documentation leads to retrospective duty assessment	Low / High	Retain: supplier invoices and cost statements; Bill of Materials; production records; REX registration certificate; and copy of the origin declaration for 5 years post-shipment. EU customs has 3 years from import date to conduct origin verification.
Textile double-transformation failure — Indian garment exporter uses imported fabric and claims FTA preference	Medium / High	For textiles (HS 61–63), the PSR typically requires fabric-forward or yarn-forward transformation. Indian garment exporters using imported Chinese or Bangladeshi fabric cannot claim India-EU FTA origin. Must use Indian-woven fabric from Indian or EU yarn.

3 Ps · FTA viability

Possibility · probability · plausibility.

Possibility

Can Indian exporters benefit?

Yes — the India-EU FTA is politically agreed in principle and technically near-concluded. India and the EU have jointly committed to a 2026 target. Both sides have made significant concessions — India on automobile tariffs (phased elimination); EU on Mode 4 for Indian IT professionals. The FTA is the most likely outcome barring a major political disruption.

Probability

Will they successfully claim it?

High that the FTA will be concluded and enter into force — but the exact timeline (2026 vs. 2027) has genuine uncertainty. The EU ratification process (European Parliament vote + all 27 member state parliaments for full ratification, or provisional application on EU-only matters) adds 6–18 months from signature to entry into force. Early movers who prepare now capture the advantage regardless of exact timing.

Plausibility

Does duty saving justify compliance cost?

Fully commercially coherent. The duty saving on Indian generics alone (EUR 200M+/year at current volumes) is transformational for the pharma corridor. The garment duty elimination (12% → 0%) makes Indian garments 10–12 percentage points more competitive than Chinese garments (which face 12% duty with no preferential rate). The automotive component duty elimination accelerates the India-Germany supply chain buildout. Every major Indian export sector has a compelling business case for FTA utilisation.

Marketing mix · 10P analysis

FTA-enabled mandates · a 10P lens.

Product

FTA-enabled trade mandates — introducing Indian exporters who meet the PSR to EU buyers who can immediately quantify the duty saving. The FTA transforms the commercial proposition from "we are competitive on quality" to "we are competitive on quality AND we save you 6.5–12% duty from Day 1".

Price

The FTA duty saving directly improves the Indian exporter's price competitiveness. Commission on FTA-enabled mandates: 2.5–7% on FOB/CIF value. The duty saving (6.5% on pharma, 12% on garments, 3.7% on auto parts) is a shared commercial gain — Indian exporter prices may adjust upward, EU importer saves on duty, or the saving is split. All three parties gain.

Place

India → EU: all 27 EU member states are parties. The FTA applies equally whether goods are imported into Germany, Netherlands, Portugal, or Poland. Goods must enter under an FTA preference claim using REX self-certification or EUR.1.

Promotion

FTA savings estimator tool (AllfrontierGlobal.com/fta-savings-estimator.php). Sector-specific FTA benefit sheets. LinkedIn India-EU FTA content series. PHARMEXCIL/EEPC/APEDA member outreach. Indian Embassy EU events. CPhI Europe, Hannover Messe — FTA ready supplier positioning.

People

Vinod Kumar Jain — India-side supplier FTA readiness assessment, REX registration guidance, PSR compliance. Amit Jain — EU regulatory intelligence, FTA commercial impact analysis, EU buyer duty saving quantification. Both principals personally engaged on every FTA-enabled mandate.

Process

FTA Benefit Assessment (duty saving calculator) → PSR Compliance Check (Doc 49) → REX Registration → Mandate Agreement + NCNDA → EU Buyer Introduction → FTA preference claim on first shipment → Commission on completion → Repeat order within 24-month tail.

Physical evidence

REX registration certificate (DGFT portal), RoO compliance worksheet (Doc 49), Statement of origin on commercial invoice, EUR.1 Movement Certificate (if applicable), EU customs import entry showing FTA preference claimed (duty code 100 or equivalent), Commission invoice on completion.

Partners

DGFT (REX registration), Indian Customs/ICEGATE (EUR.1 issuance), EU DG Trade (FTA official text and annexes), EU customs authorities (origin verification), WTO RTA Database (official FTA notification), PHARMEXCIL/EEPC/APEDA (sector-specific member companies).

Performance

FTA-enabled mandates target: 5–10 per year post-FTA entry into force. Mandate values: EUR 500K–50M annual supply depending on sector. Commission: EUR 15,000–500,000 per mandate per year. Total target commission from FTA-enabled mandates: EUR 150,000–1,000,000 per year by Year 3.

Purpose

The India-EU FTA is the culmination of two decades of trade policy aspiration. All Frontier Global Nexus positions both Indian exporters and EU importers to capture Day 1 advantage — turning a political achievement into commercial reality, commission-only, both principals personally engaged, every frontier.

Practitioner intelligence

What works · what doesn't.

✓ FTA claim success

What works

✓ Conducting FTA readiness assessments for Indian exporter clients NOW — determining whether their product meets the PSR, registering for REX, and building the RoO documentation system before FTA entry into force. Day 1 readiness is the commercial advantage.
✓ Quantifying the exact EUR duty saving per tonne or per unit for the EU importer — "Your current landed cost is EUR 15.30/unit; post-FTA it will be EUR 14.30/unit — EUR 1.00/unit saving on 500,000 units = EUR 500,000 annual saving" is a more compelling case than "the FTA will reduce duties".
✓ Targeting EU importers who currently source similar goods from China — the FTA creates a 6.5–12% price gap between Indian FTA preference and Chinese MFN for the EU buyer. This structural shift is the largest business development opportunity on the India-EU corridor.
✓ Leveraging REX registration as a trust signal with EU buyers — a REX-registered Indian exporter demonstrates regulatory sophistication and FTA readiness. Unregistered exporters cannot claim FTA preference and are commercially disadvantaged from Day 1.
✓ Filing for advance rulings from Indian Customs on product origin classification — for borderline PSR cases (e.g. mixed Indian/imported input textiles), an advance ruling from the Principal Commissioner of Customs provides legal certainty before commercial supply begins.

✗ FTA compliance failures

What doesn't work

✗ Assuming all Indian goods automatically qualify for FTA preference — they do not. Each product must independently meet the Product Specific Rule for its HS heading. The most common error: textile exporters assuming that "Made in India" labelling is sufficient when the PSR requires fabric-forward transformation from Indian fabric.
✗ Filing an FTA preference claim without retaining the supporting documentation — EU customs authorities can request proof of origin for up to 3 years after import. Without the supplier invoices, BOM, and REX registration certificate, the retrospective duty assessment can eliminate the entire duty saving and more.
✗ Waiting for the FTA to enter into force before registering for REX — REX registration is available NOW under EU GSP. Exporters who register now are already using the system that the FTA will expand. There is no reason to delay.
✗ Confusing FTA preference with CBAM exemption — the India-EU FTA reduces tariffs but does NOT exempt goods from CBAM. Indian steel, aluminium, cement, fertiliser, and hydrogen exporters still face CBAM certificate obligations from 2026 regardless of FTA preference. These are two separate obligations with two separate compliance tracks.
✗ Negotiating an FTA-enabled supply agreement without clearly stating that the Indian exporter is responsible for PSR compliance and origin documentation — if the EU importer is retrospectively assessed for duty because the origin claim was invalid, the commercial dispute will fall back on the supply agreement terms.

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Frequently asked

FAQ · India-EU FTA.

When will the India-EU FTA enter into force?

The official target is 2026, as jointly stated by the EU and Indian governments at successive summits. However, there is genuine uncertainty around the exact timeline. After the agreement is signed, EU ratification requires European Parliament approval and, for full ratification of all provisions, national parliaments of all 27 EU member states — a process that can take 12–24 months. Many EU FTAs enter into "provisional application" covering EU-competence matters (primarily tariffs and trade in goods) while national ratification proceeds — this provisional application can happen faster. Indian Parliament ratification is typically faster (executive approval). Realistically: if negotiations conclude in 2025, provisional application could begin in 2026, with full ratification by 2027–28.

Do Indian exporters need to register for REX before they can use the India-EU FTA?

For shipments above EUR 6,000, yes — REX (Registered Exporter) registration is required to self-certify origin on the commercial invoice. REX is already available to Indian exporters under the EU GSP (Generalised System of Preferences) — which means registration is available now, not only from the FTA entry into force date. Indian exporters should register on the DGFT REX portal immediately if they have not already done so. Registration is free and typically takes 2–4 weeks. For shipments below EUR 6,000, any exporter can include the origin declaration without REX registration.

Will the India-EU FTA eliminate all EU duties on Indian goods?

No — approximately 85–90% of tariff lines will reach zero duty, but some sensitive sectors will retain duties throughout the FTA. Key exclusions or limited reductions include: wine and spirits (Indian tariff reduction phased but not eliminated); dairy products (limited market access); certain agricultural products (EU is defensive in agriculture). On the Indian side, the FTA will not eliminate duties on all EU goods — passenger cars are likely to face a very long phase-down (potentially 20+ years) reflecting India's automotive industry protection. The FTA creates a comprehensive preferential access framework, not a full customs union.

Can an Indian exporter claim both FTA preference AND RoDTEP on the same export?

Yes — FTA preference (reduced EU duty) and RoDTEP (remission of embedded domestic taxes in India) are independent mechanisms covering different taxes and applying to different parties. FTA preference reduces the EU import duty paid by the EU importer. RoDTEP remits embedded Indian domestic taxes for the Indian exporter. They operate simultaneously without conflict. The combination of FTA preference (reducing the EU buyer's cost) and RoDTEP (increasing the Indian seller's net realisation) is the most commercially advantageous combination for India-EU trade facilitation.

What are GI protections in the India-EU FTA and which Indian GIs are protected?

Geographical Indication (GI) protection in the FTA means that the listed Indian GI-registered products can only be sold in the EU under their Indian GI name — EU producers cannot use these names for their own products. The FTA is expected to protect 400+ Indian GIs in the EU, covering: agricultural products (Darjeeling Tea, Basmati Rice, Alphonso Mango, Coorg Orange, Pochampally Ikat), handicrafts (Kancheepuram Silk, Kolhapuri Chappal, Bhalia Wheat, Mysore Silk), and processed foods (Goan Feni, Darjeeling Oolong Tea). GI protection creates a premium positioning for Indian GI-registered products in the EU market — directly relevant for All Frontier Global Nexus agro-food and luxury goods mandate verticals.

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India-EU FTA.

What this agreement covers.

Indicative tariff rates.

How to qualify for FTA preference.

How to certify origin.

Sector-by-sector FTA benefit.

Pharmaceuticals & APIs

Engineering & Automotive

Textiles & Garments

Gems & Jewellery

Agro & Food

IT Services (Mode 1)

Green Energy

Iron & Steel

What this means for AJG mandates.

Negotiation & implementation.

FTA compliance risks.

Possibility · probability · plausibility.

FTA-enabled mandates · a 10P lens.

What works · what doesn't.

What works

What doesn't work

Referenced by these country pages.

Related resources.

FAQ · India-EU FTA.

Every Direction. Every Configuration. Commission-Only.

Agreement on Trade and Economic Partnership between the Republic of India and the European Union and Its Member States — Full Trade Intelligence

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India-EU FTA.

What this agreement covers.

Indicative tariff rates.

How to qualify for FTA preference.

How to certify origin.

Sector-by-sector FTA benefit.

Pharmaceuticals &amp; APIs

Engineering &amp; Automotive

Textiles &amp; Garments

Gems &amp; Jewellery

Agro &amp; Food

IT Services (Mode 1)

Green Energy

Iron &amp; Steel

What this means for AJG mandates.

Negotiation & implementation.

FTA compliance risks.

Possibility · probability · plausibility.

FTA-enabled mandates · a 10P lens.

What works · what doesn't.

What works

What doesn't work

Referenced by these country pages.

Related resources.

FAQ · India-EU FTA.

Every Direction. Every Configuration. Commission-Only.

Agreement on Trade and Economic Partnership between the Republic of India and the European Union and Its Member States — Full Trade Intelligence

🌍 Party Countries

🔄 Related Corridors

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Pharmaceuticals & APIs

Engineering & Automotive

Textiles & Garments

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Agro & Food

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